Ketelitian Dalam Penentuan Nilai Pertanggungan
Dalam penentuan nilai pertanggungan asuransi, kecermatan diperlukan baik dari sisi tertanggung maupun penanggung. Oleh karena itu, penentuan nilai pertanggungan ini harus dilakukan secara hati-hati dan didasarkan pada ketentuan dari polis yang digunakan. Sebagai contoh, ketidakmampuan mengidentifikasi nilai pertanggungan dapat berakibat fatal saat terjadi klaim. Umumnya, saat nilai pertanggungan ditetapkan di bawah harga yang sewajarnya, hal ini akan berakibat underinsured (pertanggungan di bawah harga). Akibatnya, dampaknya tentu saja bisa merugikan tertanggung karena klaim akan dihitung secara prorata. Demikian pula, saat terjadi over insured, tertanggung juga bisa rugi karena cenderung membayar premi yang lebih besar daripada seharusnya.
Akan tetapi, berbeda dengan produk asuransi pada umumnya, Asuransi Rangka Kapal (Hull & Machinery Insurance) menggunakan dasar Agreed Value sebagai penentuan nilai pertanggungan. Hal ini dijelaskan dalam Marine Insurance Act (MIA) 1906 Article 27
A valued policy is a policy which specifies the agreed value of the subject-matter insured. Subject to the provisions of this Act, and in the absence of fraud, the value fixed by the policy is, as between the insurer and assured, conclusive of the insurable value of the subject intended to be insured, whether the loss be total or partial.
Agreed Value Sebagai Dasar Penentuan Nilai Pertanggungan
Penetapan nilai pertanggungan didasarkan pada kesepakatan antara tertanggung dan penanggung (Agreed Value). Oleh karenanya, penetapan nilai pertanggungan ini harus didasarkan pada asas keadilan, yang mencakup tidak adanya fraud dan keseimbangan antara pihak-pihak yang terlibat.
Kemudian, pertanyaannya adalah bagaimana jika terjadi klaim baik secara partial loss/kerugian sebagian atau total loss? Sebagai referensi, mengacu pada Marine Insurance Act (MIA) 1906 pada article 68 dan 69, apabila terjadi total loss, maka nilai penggantian ganti rugi maksimal yang telah disepakati dalam polis akan diberikan.
If the policy be a valued policy, the measure of indemnity is the sum fixed by the policy
Sebaliknya, dalam kondisi partial loss, apabila kapal tersebut masih dapat diperbaiki, maka penggantian yang diberikan oleh penanggung adalah sejumlah biaya wajar untuk memperbaiki kapal tersebut. Namun, perlu diperhatikan bahwa jumlah tersebut akan dikurangi biaya risiko sendiri (deductible), termasuk jika ada biaya depresiasi, dan tidak boleh melebihi nilai pertanggungan yang disepakati dalam polis.
Where the ship has been repaired, the assured is entitled to the reasonable cost of the repairs, less the customary deductions, but not exceeding the sum insured in respect of any one casualty
Where the ship has been only partially repaired, the assured is entitled to the reasonable cost of such repairs, computed as above, and also to be indemnified for the reasonable depreciation, if any, arising from the unrepaired damage, provided that the aggregate amount shall not exceed the cost of repairing the whole damage, computed as above
Ketelitian dalam menentukan nilai pertanggungan penting bagi kedua pihak untuk menghindari kerugian, seperti yang dijelaskan dalam tabel berikut:
| Nilai Pertanggungan Terlalu Kecil | Nilai Pertanggungan Terlalu Besar | |
|---|---|---|
| Penanggung / Perusahaan Asuransi |
Ketika partial loss terjadi, perusahaan asuransi menerima premi lebih rendah dibanding seharusnya, sehingga risiko yang dijamin lebih tinggi dari premi yang seharusnya. |
Exposure risiko yang tidak wajar bagi perusahaan asuransi |
| Tertanggung / Pemilik Kapal | Pemilik kapal mungkin membayar premi lebih rendah, tetapi jika terjadi total loss, penggantian asuransi tidak cukup untuk membeli kapal baru. | Pembayaran premi menjadi tidak efisien |
Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penentuan Nilai Pertanggungan
Pada pertanggungan dengan basis agreed value, perusahaan asuransi tidak akan meninjau nilai wajar dari kapal saat klaim terjadi, sehingga pro-rata klaim tidak berlaku. Meskipun demikian, tetap krusial untuk menetapkan nilai pertanggungan yang wajar.
Namun, dasar apa yang seharusnya dijadikan landasan untuk menentukan nilai pertanggungan kapal? Ada dua acuan yang umumnya digunakan: Sound Value dan Fair Market Value, perbedaannya dapat dilihat pada tabel berikut:
| Definisi Singkat | Kelebihan | Kekurangan | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sound Value | Penentuan nilai kapal yang didasarkan pada kondisi pasar | Penentuan nilai lebih cepat | Nilai pertanggungan tidak selalu akurat karena bergantung pada supply and demand kapal. Saat demand kapal tertentu tinggi, seperti tug boat dan barge saat harga batu bara naik, nilai kapalnya juga akan meningkat |
| Fair Market Value | Penentuan nilai kapal yang didasarkan pada kondisi aktual kapal |
Peninjauan langsung dengan melihat depresiasi dan kondisi kapal dapat meningkatkan akurasi penentuan nilai kapal |
Penentuan nilai kapal memerlukan waktu dan survei lapangan langsung yang kompleks |
Baik tertanggung maupun penanggung perlu memperhatikan hal – hal diatas agar tidak mengalami kerugian atas kesalahan dalam penentuan nilai pertanggungan dikemudian hari.
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